By Avni Dalal, ND
The gastrointestinal system is central to our overall health–influencing digestion, nutrient absorption, and metabolism. One of the body’s key players in supporting gut health is the hormone glucagon-like peptide 1, commonly known as GLP-1, and its receptors. While GLP-1 is often discussed in the context of blood sugar regulation and diabetes support, its impact on the gut is just as important and worth mentioning. By observing the connection between GLP-1 and its receptors in gastrointestinal health, we gain insight into how our bodies manage both digestion and metabolic balance. In this article, we explore how GLP-1 receptors influence gut health and the emerging potential for GLP-1 focused therapies in digestive wellness.
What Is GLP-1?
GLP-1 is a hormone produced in the gut in response to food. GLP-1 receptors are found throughout the body, particularly in the intestines, pancreas, and brain. When activated by certain nutrients and bitter compounds, they set off a series of actions that result in release of insulin, which supports sugar balance, appetite regulation, and balanced digestion of foods.
GLP-1 slows down gastric emptying (the rate at which food moves from the stomach to the intestines), giving the body more time to break down and absorb nutrients. By slowing down the digestive process, GLP-1 helps to balance blood sugar after meals, supporting a balanced metabolic response.
How Does Gut Health Affect GLP-1 Activity?
Your gut health directly impacts GLP-1 levels, supports GLP-1 secretion, and enhances its effects on the body.
- SCFA production: Beneficial gut bacteria ferment fiber into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), like butyrate, which stimulate GLP-1 release.
- Akkermansia benefits: This key bacterium strengthens the gut lining, boosts SCFA production, and supports metabolic health.
- Microbiome diversity: A diverse microbiome optimizes GLP-1 secretion and receptor sensitivity, aiding appetite and glucose control.
- Pre-, pro-, and postbiotics: A healthy balance of these components nourishes beneficial bacteria, enhances SCFA production, and directly supports GLP-1 activity.
A thriving microbiome creates the needed foundation for optimal GLP-1 function, helping to regulate appetite and improve metabolic balance naturally.
How Do GLP-1 Receptors Affect Gut Health?
As mentioned, GLP-1 receptors are present all over the body, including the enteroendocrine L cells of the distal intestine and on immune cells in the gut. When activated, they help support:
- Slow and steady digestion: By delaying gastric emptying, GLP-1 allows food to be processed more gradually, aiding nutrient absorption and reducing strain on gastric smooth cells.1,2
- Soothing of the stomach and gut lining:* When food eventually reaches the small intestine, GLP-1 signals the upper GI tract to slow down motility and secretion of gastric acid.2,3
- Promotion of healthier bowel movements: Because GLP-1 regulates and slows down the transit of nutrients through the intestinal tract, it may reduce symptoms of diarrhea in certain conditions.2,4*
- Supporting a healthy gut microbiome: There is emerging evidence suggesting that that metabolites which can also activate the GLP1 receptors can influence the profile of the gut microbiome and modulate the function of certain immune cells that are involved in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity.5,6
These combined actions of GLP-1 on its receptors contribute to improved gastrointestinal health by enhancing absorption, modulating intestinal motility, and maintaining mucosal integrity.
Emerging Research: Therapeutic Uses of GLP-1 Agonists in Gut Health
GLP-1 agonists, which are medications designed to mimic the effects of metabolites that activate receptors releasing GLP1 hormones, are commonly used to treat diabetes and obesity. However, recent research has begun exploring the potential of GLP-1 agonists in managing various gut-related conditions.
One study demonstrated that GLP-1 agonists helped to reduce inflammation in the gut by activating certain immune cells, which release interleukin-22 (IL-22). IL-22 is a substance that supports the health of the intestinal lining and can protect against symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as diarrhea.7
Another study found that individuals with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) who used prescribed GLP-1 agonists had a lower risk of needing surgery for their condition, suggesting that these medications may help slow disease progression.8
Always speak with your healthcare provider to explore your options and before making changes to your current wellness regimen.
Summary
GLP-1 and its receptors are essential players in gastrointestinal health, supporting digestion, gut integrity, and a balanced microbiome. Read more about the functions and benefits of GLP-1 and its receptors on our whole body’s health.
References:
1. Drucker DJ.Gastroenterology. 2002;122(2):531-544.
2. Holst JJ et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(4):727-742.
3. Maselli DB et al. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1307:171-192.
4. Smits MM et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(3):224-235.
5. Abdalqadir N et al. Microorganisms. 2022;10(10):2061.
6. Sun H et al. Immunology. 2024;172(3):451-468.
7. Sun H et al. Immunology. 2024;172(3):451-468.
8. Desai A et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;60(5):620-632.
