As we age, our bodies undergo numerous physiological changes—including influences on our digestive health. One significant change is the decrease in the production of digestive enzymes, which are crucial for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.1 Digestive enzyme supplementation has emerged as a potential solution to combat these age-related changes and maintain optimal digestive health and function.
This article explores the science behind digestive enzymes, the impact of aging on enzyme production, and the benefits of supplementation from a functional medicine perspective for our gastrointestinal and overall health.
Understanding Digestive Enzymes
Digestive enzymes are specialized proteins that facilitate chemical reactions that convert complex macromolecules into simpler molecules. This process allows for nutrients to be easily absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and repair. There are several types of digestive enzyme, each targeting specific types of nutrients:
Proteases
Proteases, also known as proteinases or peptidases, are enzymes responsible for the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. They are produced in the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Examples include pepsin (found in the stomach) and trypsin (produced by the pancreas).
Lipases
These enzymes break down dietary fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol. The primary lipase, pancreatic lipase, is produced by the pancreas and is released into the small intestine.
Amylases
Amylases help us digest carbohydrates, such as starches and fibers, into simple sugars like glucose. Amylase is found in the saliva (salivary amylase) and is also produced by the pancreas (pancreatic amylase).
In addition to these primary types, there are other specific enzymes that target particular compounds:
- Lactase: Breaks down lactose, the sugar found in dairy products, into simple sugars, glucose and galactose, and is produced in the small intestine.
- Alpha-galactosidase: Breaks down complex carbohydrates found in legumes, cruciferous vegetables, and whole grains. This enzyme is commonly found in dietary supplements.
- Cellulase: Breaks down cellulose, the fibrous component of plant cell walls, into glucose. Humans do not produce cellulase, but it can be obtained from certain foods and supplements to aid in fiber digestion.
Next, we will outline how the aging process can affect digestive health and digestive enzyme production.
Aging and Digestive Enzyme Production
Aging can significantly affect our digestive system, particularly in relation to the decline in enzyme production & activity. Several factors may contribute to this:
Decreased Pancreatic Enzyme Production
The pancreas, which produces the majority of digestive enzymes, undergoes structural changes that impact blood flow to this vital organ and tissue health declines with age.2 As a result, this can lead to reduced pancreatic enzyme production. Additionally, approximately 5% of individuals over 70 years and 10% of individuals over 80 years will exhibit signs of lower lipase production. Reduced pancreatic exocrine function can contribute to maldigestion and malnutrition, particularly affecting the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K) and cause secondary health complications affecting bone and heart health in older adults.1,2
Altered Gastric Acid Secretion
Stomach acid, or hypochlorous acid, is a key player in the initial stages of digestion, particularly in protein breakdown. It also helps activate certain digestive enzymes like pepsin. With aging, the stomach may produce less acid and, in turn, can impair enzyme activation and digestion, occasionally leading to individuals experiencing more bloating, gas, heartburn and indigestion.3
Changes in Gut Microbiota
The gut microbiome is the community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract. However, this changes with age and can affect the balance and composition of gut bacteria. This also plays a role in the production and activity of certain digestive enzymes.4 An imbalance in the gut microbiota can lead to reduced enzyme efficiency and digestive issues such as constipation, diarrhea, and decreased nutrient absorption.4
Benefits of Digestive Enzyme Supplements for the Aging Population
Comprehensive digestive enzyme supplements can help mitigate the effects of aging on the digestive process. Here are some of the key benefits to consider:
Improved Nutrient Absorption
Aging is associated with a decline in pancreatic exocrine function in a significant portion of the elderly population. This insufficiency, as a result, can result in malnutrition and lowered absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other essential nutrients.1 Supplementation with pancreatic enzymes can help the body digest food more efficiently, improving nutrient absorption and general nutritional status.2
Reduced Digestive Discomfort
Digestive enzyme supplementation has been shown to alleviate digestive problems such as abdominal pain, unintentional weight loss, and bowel movement irregularities.2 Incorporating an enzyme supplement can significantly enhance quality of life for elderly patients suffering from these issues.2
Enhanced Quality of Life
Low enzyme production and function is associated with abdominal pain, fullness, bloating, heartburn, and decreased appetite. The compounding effect of these concerns has also been associated with reduced sleep quantity and quality. However, supplementation with a multi-enzyme blend can lessen digestive issues, ameliorate sleep issues, and improve the quality of life.5
Prevention of Secondary Complications
By improving the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, particularly vitamin D, enzyme supplementation may help reduce secondary complications such as decreased bone mineral density. Secondly, aging individuals often struggle with protein digestion, leading to muscle loss and weakness. Supplements with proteases can aid in protein breakdown and utilization.2
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Summary
The aging process can bring about many changes in the body, including a decline in digestive enzyme production. By taking a personalized approach, digestive enzyme supplementation can be a beneficial tool for those seeking to improve nutrient absorption, abate digestive discomfort, and enhance digestive health for overall wellness as they age. Remember to always consult with your healthcare professional before starting any new supplements or making changes to your current healthcare regimen.
Learn what to consider when choosing a digestive enzyme supplement.
References:
1. Rayner CK et al. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 2013;16(1):33-38.
2. Löhr JM et al. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2018;283(5):446-460.
3. Trey G et al. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997;25(3):499-502.
4. Badal VD et al. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3759.
5. Ullah H et al. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;169:115858.
